Easy2Siksha Sample Paper
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸 GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Questions
B.A 1st Semester
Philosophy (Elementary Philosophy)
(Based on GNDU Papers 2021–2024)
󷡉󷡊󷡋󷡌󷡍󷡎 Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION-A (Nature, Scope & Branches of Philosophy)
1. 󷄧󼿒 Relation between Philosophy and Religion – Meaning, Difference & Similarities
(4 times)
2. 󷄧󼿒 Nature, Scope and Concerns of Philosophy (3 times)
3. 󷄧󼿒 Branches of Philosophy – Ethics, Epistemology, Aesthetics & Metaphysics (3
times)
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 2025 Smart Prediction Table
Based on 4-Year GNDU Paper Analysis (2021–2024)
Section
Question Topic
Repeats
Years Appeared
Priority
󹻦󹻧
A
Relation between
Philosophy & Religion
4 Times
2021 (Q2), 2022 (Q2), 2023
(Q2), 2024 (Q1c)
󹻦󹻧 Very
High
A
Nature & Scope of
Philosophy
3 Times
2021 (Q1a), 2023 (Q1),
2024 (Q1a)
󹻦󹻧 Very
High
A
Branches of Philosophy &
Their Concerns
3 Times
2021 (Q1b-d), 2022 (Q1),
2024 (Q1d)
󹻦󹻧 Very
High
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2025 GUARANTEED QUESTIONS (100% Appearance Trend)
󼩏󼩐󼩑 Top 5 Must-Prepare Questions
1. 󷄧󼿒 Relation between Philosophy and Religion (4/4 years)
2. 󷄧󼿒 Human Rights – Nature, Forms & Problems (4/4 years)
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸 BONUS HIGH-PRIORITY QUESTIONS (80–90%)
6. 󷄧󼿒 Nature and Scope of Philosophy (3 times – very high)
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸 GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Answer
B.A 1st Semester
Philosophy (Elementary Philosophy)
(Based on GNDU Papers 2021–2024)
󷡉󷡊󷡋󷡌󷡍󷡎 Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION-A (Nature, Scope & Branches of Philosophy)
1. 󷄧󼿒 Relation between Philosophy and Religion – Meaning, Difference & Similarities (4
times)
Ans: Relation between Philosophy and Religion – Meaning, Difference &
Similarities
Imagine a quiet evening in an ancient village. The sun is setting, birds are flying home,
and an old philosopher named Aarav is sitting under a tree beside a small temple. A
young student, curious and full of questions, approaches him and asks,
“Master, why do people pray to God while others prefer to question everything through
philosophy? Aren’t religion and philosophy opposite to each other?”
Aarav smiles and replies,
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“My dear child, they are not enemies. They are two different paths that often lead to the
same truth — the understanding of life, existence, and the universe.”
And from that simple conversation begins our journey to understand the beautiful
relationship between philosophy and religion.
Meaning of Philosophy
The word ‘Philosophy’ comes from two Greek words — ‘Philo’ meaning love, and
‘Sophia’ meaning wisdom. So, philosophy literally means ‘love of wisdom.’
Philosophy is like a curious traveler who never stops asking questions.
It asks —
• Who am I?
• Why am I here?
• What is truth?
• What is right or wrong?
• What happens after death?
A philosopher doesn’t blindly accept answers. He questions, reasons, and tries to
understand reality with logic and reasoning.
Philosophy is therefore a rational search for truth. It doesn’t rely on faith or tradition
but on critical thinking, argument, and reflection.
So, philosophy can be seen as the mother of all sciences and ideas, because before any
science was born, people used philosophy to think deeply about the world.
Meaning of Religion
Now, let’s understand religion.
The word ‘Religion’ comes from the Latin word ‘Religare’, which means ‘to bind’ or ‘to
connect.’ Religion connects humans with a higher power — with God, nature, or the
ultimate truth.
Religion gives people faith, hope, and a way of living. It teaches moral values, rituals,
prayers, and the idea that life has a divine purpose.
For example:
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• In Hinduism, people believe in karma and reincarnation.
• In Christianity, people have faith in Jesus Christ and the idea of salvation.
• In Islam, faith centers on Allah and the teachings of the Qur’an.
Religion doesn’t ask you to question everything — it asks you to believe, to trust, and to
follow a spiritual path with devotion.
In short, religion is based on faith, while philosophy is based on reason.
Difference between Philosophy and Religion
Though they both talk about truth, existence, and life’s purpose, their ways are very
different — just like two travelers taking different roads to reach the same mountain
top.
Let’s see how they differ:
Basis
Philosophy
1. Nature
Philosophy is the search for
truth through reason.
2. Method
Uses logic, questioning, and
critical thinking.
3. Foundation
Based on human reason and
experience.
4. Aim
To know truth, reality, and
wisdom.
5. Attitude
Questioning and analytical.
6. Approach to
God
Tries to prove or understand
God through reason.
7. Change
Open to change and new ideas.
8. Example
Aristotle, Socrates, Buddha (as a
philosopher).
To put it simply:
Philosophy asks, “Why should I believe?”
Religion says, “Believe, and you shall understand.”
Yet, both are not enemies. They are two languages trying to express the same truth —
one speaks in logic, the other in love.
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Similarities between Philosophy and Religion
Now, let’s look at what brings them together — because despite their differences, they
share many things.
1. Both seek truth –
Whether it’s the philosopher with his reasoning or the saint with his prayers,
both want to discover the ultimate reality — the truth behind life and the
universe.
2. Both discuss similar questions –
They both ask:
o What is the purpose of life?
o Is there life after death?
o What is good or evil?
o What is the nature of God or the universe?
Their questions are the same; only the methods differ.
3. Both guide human life –
Philosophy gives direction through reason and ethics, while religion guides
through faith and morals. Both help people live a good and meaningful life.
4. Both are sources of values –
Religion teaches values like honesty, compassion, forgiveness.
Philosophy too teaches moral reasoning — why these values matter and how
they shape society.
5. Both aim at peace and happiness –
A philosopher seeks peace by understanding truth; a religious person seeks peace
by surrendering to God.
Both aim for inner harmony and happiness.
6. Both are interconnected in history –
Many great thinkers were both philosophers and religious teachers. For example:
o Socrates spoke about the soul and divine goodness.
o Buddha combined deep philosophical thinking with spiritual realization.
o Adi Shankaracharya used logic to explain spiritual truths in Hinduism.
So, in reality, philosophy and religion have always walked hand in hand.
Relationship between Philosophy and Religion
If we imagine Philosophy and Religion as two sisters, then Philosophy is the elder sister
of reason, and Religion is the younger sister of faith.
They argue sometimes — Philosophy says, “Don’t just believe blindly,”
and Religion replies, “Don’t doubt everything; have faith!”
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Yet, deep down, they love each other, because they both serve the same purpose — to
help human beings understand the mystery of life.
In fact, philosophy often supports religion by explaining its ideas logically. For example,
philosophers try to prove the existence of God using arguments and reasoning — like
the cosmological or teleological proofs of God.
At the same time, religion inspires philosophy by giving it rich ideas about morality, the
soul, and the universe.
So, they are not rivals, but complements. Religion provides the emotional and moral
foundation, while philosophy gives intellectual clarity. Together, they help us grow both
spiritually and rationally.
Conclusion
Let’s return to our story of Aarav and his student. As the evening turns into night, the
temple bells ring, and the young boy asks one last question:
“Master, then what should I follow — Philosophy or Religion?”
Aarav smiles gently and says,
“Follow both, my child. Let philosophy guide your mind, and let religion guide your
heart. Reason without faith becomes dry, and faith without reason becomes blind.
Together, they make life wise and meaningful.”
That’s the essence of the relationship between philosophy and religion.
Both are different, yet deeply connected — like the two wings of a bird. One gives the
power of thought; the other gives the power of devotion. And only with both can the
human soul truly fly toward truth and peace.
2. Nature, Scope and Concerns of Philosophy (3 times)
Ans: The Story of Philosophy – Nature, Scope & Concerns
The Curious Traveler
Long ago, when humans first looked at the stars, they wondered: “Who put them there?
Why do they shine? What is my place beneath them?” This wonder gave birth to
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philosophy—from the Greek words philo (love) and sophia (wisdom). Philosophy is, at
its heart, the love of wisdom.
But philosophy is not just about abstract puzzles. It is about life itself—why we exist,
how we should live, what is real, and what is good. To understand this, let’s follow our
traveler through three stages: Nature, Scope, and Concerns of Philosophy.
Nature of Philosophy – What It Is
The traveler first asks: “What is philosophy itself?”
1. A Quest for Truth
Philosophy is not content with surface answers. It digs deeper. Science may tell us how
the sun rises, but philosophy asks why there is a universe at all.
2. Critical and Rational
Philosophy does not accept things blindly. It questions, reasons, and analyzes. It is like a
mirror that forces us to look at our assumptions.
3. Universal and Fundamental
Philosophy is not about small details—it is about the big picture: reality, knowledge,
morality, beauty, and existence.
4. Practical and Reflective
Though it seems abstract, philosophy guides daily life. When we ask, “What is the right
thing to do?” or “What makes life meaningful?”—we are doing philosophy.
Story Analogy: Philosophy is like a lamp in a dark cave. Science may map the cave, but
philosophy asks, “Why are we in the cave at all, and where does it lead?”
Scope of Philosophy – Where It Reaches
The traveler now looks around and sees many paths. Philosophy is not one road, but a
network of roads leading to different areas of life.
1. Metaphysics (Reality)
• Asks: What is real?
• Topics: God, soul, universe, time, space.
• Example: Is the world created or eternal? Do we have free will?
2. Epistemology (Knowledge)
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• Asks: How do we know what we know?
• Topics: Truth, belief, perception, reason.
• Example: Can we trust our senses? What is the difference between opinion and
knowledge?
3. Logic (Reasoning)
• Asks: What makes an argument valid?
• Topics: Deduction, induction, fallacies.
• Example: If all humans are mortal, and Socrates is human, then Socrates is
mortal.
4. Ethics (Morality)
• Asks: What is right and wrong?
• Topics: Duty, virtue, justice, happiness.
• Example: Should we always tell the truth? What makes an action good?
5. Aesthetics (Beauty & Art)
• Asks: What is beauty?
• Topics: Art, taste, creativity.
• Example: Is beauty objective or “in the eye of the beholder”?
6. Social & Political Philosophy
• Asks: How should society be organized?
• Topics: Justice, freedom, equality, rights.
• Example: What is the best form of government?
7. Philosophy of Religion, Science, Education, Mind
• Specialized branches that apply philosophical thinking to specific fields.
Story Analogy: If philosophy is a tree, then metaphysics is its roots, epistemology its
trunk, ethics its branches, and aesthetics its flowers. The whole tree gives shade to
human life.
Concerns of Philosophy – Why It Matters
The traveler finally asks: “Why should I care about philosophy?”
1. Search for Meaning
Philosophy addresses the deepest human concern: What is the meaning of life? It does
not give ready-made answers but helps us reflect.
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2. Moral Guidance
In a world full of dilemmas, philosophy helps us decide what is right. From personal
choices to global issues like climate change, philosophy provides ethical frameworks.
3. Critical Thinking
Philosophy trains the mind to question, analyze, and argue logically. This skill is useful in
every field—law, science, politics, daily life.
4. Human Unity
Philosophy asks universal questions that unite all humans, beyond culture or religion.
Whether in India, Greece, or China, people have asked: Who am I? What is truth?
5. Practical Relevance
• In education: Philosophy shapes teaching methods and goals.
• In politics: It inspires ideas of democracy, justice, and rights.
• In science: It questions assumptions and explores implications.
Story Analogy: Philosophy is like a compass. It may not walk the road for us, but it shows
us the direction when we are lost.
Comparative Table – Nature, Scope & Concerns
Aspect
Key Idea
Example Question
Nature
Love of wisdom, rational inquiry
Why do we exist?
Scope
Branches of philosophy (metaphysics, ethics,
logic, etc.)
What is truth? What is
justice?
Concerns
Human meaning, morality, critical thinking
How should I live? What is
right?
Wrapping the Story
So, the story of philosophy is the story of a traveler with a lantern:
• Its nature is the love of wisdom, the quest for truth.
• Its scope spreads across reality, knowledge, ethics, beauty, and society.
• Its concerns are the deepest human questions—meaning, morality, and
guidance.
Philosophy is not just for scholars in ivory towers. It is for every human being who has
ever paused and wondered: “Why am I here? What is the right thing to do? What is
real?”
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In the end, philosophy does not hand us final answers—it teaches us how to keep asking
better questions. And perhaps, that is its greatest gift.
3. 󷄧󼿒 Branches of Philosophy – Ethics, Epistemology, Aesthetics & Metaphysics (3
times)
Ans: A Gentle Beginning: The Tree of Philosophy
Imagine standing in a garden filled with tall, beautiful trees. Among them stands one
unique tree — ancient, wise, and full of knowledge. This tree is called Philosophy. It has
many branches that spread in all directions, each carrying a different kind of fruit. These
fruits are not ordinary; they are fruits of wisdom, truth, and understanding.
Each branch of this tree teaches us something special about life, the world, and
ourselves. Four of the most important branches are Ethics, Epistemology, Aesthetics,
and Metaphysics. Together, they help us answer some of the deepest questions humans
have ever asked:
• What is right and wrong? (Ethics)
• What can we really know? (Epistemology)
• What is beauty? (Aesthetics)
• What is the nature of reality? (Metaphysics)
Let us walk through this garden of wisdom step by step and understand these branches
in a simple and human way.
󷊻󷊼󷊽 1. Ethics – The Branch of Moral Values
Let’s begin with Ethics, the moral compass of philosophy.
Imagine you are standing at a crossroads: one road leads to success gained by cheating,
and the other leads to honesty and hard work, though with difficulties. Which path
would you choose?
The part of philosophy that helps you decide this is Ethics.
Ethics deals with right and wrong, good and evil, and moral duties. It teaches us how
we ought to live rather than how we do live. It is like a guidebook for human behavior.
Philosophers like Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill tried to define what
makes an action “good.”
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• Aristotle said that good actions are those that help us achieve happiness through
virtue.
• Kant believed that we should do what is morally right simply because it is right —
not because it benefits us.
• Mill, on the other hand, said that actions are good if they bring the greatest
happiness to the greatest number of people.
There are three main types of ethics:
1. Normative Ethics – sets moral standards; tells us what is right and wrong.
2. Applied Ethics – deals with practical issues like abortion, war, animal rights, and
environmental ethics.
3. Meta-Ethics – studies the meaning of moral words like “good,” “bad,” or “duty.”
In everyday life, ethics is what guides our decisions — from telling the truth to
respecting others. It makes society peaceful and fair. Without ethics, there would be
chaos because everyone would act only for personal gain.
So, Ethics is like the heart of philosophy — it gives us humanity.
󷈘󷈙 2. Epistemology – The Branch of Knowledge
Now, let’s move to the second branch — Epistemology, which comes from two Greek
words: episteme (knowledge) and logos (study or theory).
In simple words, Epistemology means the study of knowledge.
It tries to answer questions like:
• What is knowledge?
• How do we know what we know?
• Can we trust our senses?
• What is truth?
Imagine a child who touches fire for the first time and learns that it burns. How did the
child “know” that? Was it through experience, reason, or both? These are the kinds of
questions Epistemology explores.
Philosophers have different opinions about the source of knowledge:
1. Empiricism – says that knowledge comes from experience. (Thinkers like John
Locke and David Hume)
o According to them, the mind is like a blank slate (“tabula rasa”) and
experience fills it.
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2. Rationalism – says that knowledge comes from reason, not experience. (Thinkers
like Descartes and Spinoza)
o Descartes famously said, “I think, therefore I am.”
3. Constructivism – says that knowledge is built by the human mind through both
reason and experience.
Epistemology is important because it helps us understand how we can be sure of what
we believe.
For example, how do you know that the world exists outside your mind? How do you
know that what you see or hear is real? Epistemology pushes us to think deeply about
these things.
It encourages critical thinking — the ability to question, reason, and understand rather
than just accept things blindly.
Thus, if Ethics teaches us how to live, Epistemology teaches us how to think.
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶 3. Aesthetics – The Branch of Beauty
The third branch is Aesthetics, the philosophy of beauty and art.
Think about a beautiful sunset, a melodious song, or a painting that touches your heart.
Have you ever wondered why we find something beautiful? That’s what Aesthetics
studies.
Aesthetics comes from the Greek word aisthesis, meaning “sensation” or “perception.”
It deals with questions like:
• What is beauty?
• Is beauty subjective (in the eye of the beholder) or objective (universal)?
• What makes art meaningful?
Plato believed that beauty is an expression of truth and goodness.
Aristotle thought beauty lies in harmony, proportion, and order.
Later philosophers like Immanuel Kant said that beauty is something that gives us
pleasure without any desire to possess it.
In simple words, Aesthetics connects art, emotions, and imagination.
It is what makes a poet write, a painter paint, and a musician compose. It helps us see
life not just through logic, but through feeling.
Aesthetics reminds us that humans are not machines — we need beauty and creativity
to feel alive. Whether it’s music, poetry, dance, or even nature, beauty gives meaning to
our existence.
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So, if Ethics is the heart, and Epistemology is the mind, then Aesthetics is the soul of
philosophy — it makes life colorful and emotionally rich.
󷇧󷇨󷇩󷇪󷇫󷇬 4. Metaphysics – The Branch of Ultimate Reality
Finally, we come to Metaphysics, the oldest and deepest branch of philosophy.
It comes from two Greek words — meta (beyond) and physika (nature). So, Metaphysics
literally means “beyond the physical.”
It asks questions like:
• What is reality?
• Does God exist?
• Do we have free will?
• What is the soul?
• What is time and space?
Metaphysics tries to go beyond what science can measure. While science tells us how
things work, metaphysics asks why they exist at all.
For example, science can explain how rain falls, but Metaphysics asks — why does the
world exist where rain can fall at all?
Plato believed in two worlds — the physical world and the world of ideas.
Aristotle believed that reality exists in the physical objects themselves.
Modern thinkers like Kant tried to balance reason and experience to understand reality.
Metaphysics can be divided into several parts:
1. Ontology – study of being and existence (what is real).
2. Cosmology – study of the universe as a whole.
3. Theology – study of God and divine nature.
In simple terms, Metaphysics deals with the ultimate questions of life — questions that
don’t have easy answers but keep our curiosity alive.
It is like standing at the edge of the universe and asking, “Why is there something rather
than nothing?”
󷊷󷊸󷊺󷊹 Conclusion – The Four Pillars of Wisdom
To sum up our journey, the four branches of philosophy are like four pillars that hold the
temple of human understanding:
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Branch
Main Concern
Central Question
Symbolic
Role
Ethics
Moral values & right
conduct
What is right or
wrong?
The Heart 󹱳󹱴󹱵󹱶
Epistemology
Knowledge & belief
How do we know?
The Mind 󼩏󼩐󼩑
Aesthetics
Beauty & art
What is beauty?
The Soul 󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃
Metaphysics
Reality & existence
What is real?
The Spirit 󷇧󷇨󷇩󷇪󷇫󷇬
Together, they help us live a balanced life — ethical in action, wise in thought, creative
in expression, and curious about existence.
Philosophy is not just about theories or ancient books; it is about understanding life in all
its forms.
It teaches us to think deeply, act wisely, and appreciate beauty — to be both thoughtful
and kind, both rational and imaginative.
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